声乐学习与特定的轴突导向基因的表达有关 - Erich Jarvis P3
本视频由科普中国和生物医学大讲堂出品
Erich Jarvis (Duke/HHMI) Part 3: Genes specialized in vocal learning circuits
In Part 1, Jarvis explains that vocal learning is the ability to hear a sound and repeat it. Only 5 groups of mammals (including humans) and 3 groups of birds (parrots, hummingbirds and songbirds) are capable of vocal learning. Jarvis and his lab members imaged changes in gene expression in bird's brains after singing. They found that hummingbirds, songbirds and parrots each have pathways in specific areas of the brain that are not found in non-vocal learning birds. Interestingly, analogous networks exist in the human brain but not in non-vocal learning monkeys.
In Part 2, Jarvis proposes a mechanism by which vocal learning may have evolved. He suggests that the brain areas that control vocal learning are the result of a duplication of a pre-existing neural circuit that controls motor movement. A similar duplication event may have occurred during the evolution of humans with the result that both humans and Snowball, a cockatoo, can sing and dance to a beat!
In Jarvis' third talk, he demonstrates that the brain pathways necessary for vocal learning are associated with the expression of particular axonal guidance genes. He also proposes that the evolutionary events responsible for the development of vocal learning may be a general mechanism for the development of other complex behavioral traits.
控制老化的基因 - Cynthia Kenyon P1
本视频由科普中国和生物医学大讲堂出品
Cynthia Kenyon (UCSF) Part 1: Genes that Control Aging
Once it was thought that aging was just a random and haphazard process. Instead, the rate of aging turns out to be subject to regulation by transcription factors that respond to hormones and other signals. In the nematode C. elegans, in which many key discoveries about aging were first made, the aging process is subject to regulation by food intake, sensory perception, and signals from the reproductive system. Changing genes and cells that affect aging can lengthen lifespan by six fold, and can also delay age-related disease, such as the growth of tumors.
基因分裂和RNA剪接 - Melissa Moore P1
本视频由科普中国和生物医学大讲堂出品
Melissa Moore (U. Mass/HHMI) Part 1: Split Genes and RNA Splicing
In the first part of her talk, Dr. Moore explains that eukaryotic pre-mRNA contains long stretches of non-protein coding sequences interspersed with protein coding regions. By recognizing specific sequences, cellular machinery splices out the non-coding introns leaving just the protein-coding exons in mRNA. Although at first glance this may seem like a wasteful process, it is splicing that facilitates the evolution of new genes, and alternative splicing that allows a limited number of genes to produce a large number of proteins.
Tagrisso的伴随诊断 - 陈巍学基因(31)
欢迎来到【陈巍学基因】。我们这个节目，主要是介绍基因组学，和临床分子诊断的最新技术进展。
今天，会和大家谈一谈阿斯利康在开发Tagrisso这个新药过程中对4种伴随诊断方法的研究结果。
Tagrisso是阿斯利康公司开发的一个针对EGFR基因有耐药突变的晚期非小细胞肺癌者的药物，是酪氨酸激酶抑制剂类的靶向抗癌药物。
Tagrisso可以选择性地抑制突变型的EGFR，对发生耐药的肿瘤有强抑制作用；而对野生型的EGFR的抑制作用较弱，即对身体正常表皮细胞的生长抑制作用较弱。
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小鼠的基因分型
尽管人类基因组在10年前就已经被绘制图谱，科学家们仍然远远没有理解每个人类基因的功能！评估基因功能的一种方法是破坏其编码的序列，然后评估这种变化（表现型）对动物的生物学影响。这种方法通常用在小鼠（小家鼠）中，因为它与人类的遗传学高度相似。要想跟踪好几代携带遗传改变的动物，有必要筛选每只小鼠的DNA，这种方法被称为基因分型。
本短片概述了小鼠基因分型的理论和实际应用。首先介绍了小鼠遗传学的基本原理，包括回顾了纯合子，杂合子，野生型，突变体和转基因的名词。接下来，逐步介绍了从小鼠组织中提取和纯化基因组DNA的方法。我们还提供例子演示了如何分析基因分型结果，以及如何追踪具有所需基因型的小鼠。最后，我们呈现了一些有代表性的基因分型方法的应用以证明为什么这种常用的技术是小鼠研究必不可少的。
用CRISPR寻找新肿瘤药 - 陈巍学基因（32）
欢迎来到【陈巍学基因】，我们这个节目，主要是给大家介绍基因组学，和临床分子诊断的最新技术进展。
今天要和大家谈的，是用CRISPR方法，来寻找新的、可能的肿瘤药物。
提出这个方法的，是加拿大Donnelly Centre的Traver Hart。Traver Hart把他的这项研究成果，发表在《Cell》杂志2015年12月3日这一期上。论文的题目是《High-Resolution CRISPR Screens Reveal Fitness Genes and Genotype-Specific Cancer Liabilities》。我们这期节目，就主要围绕这篇文章来进行讲解。
文章的核心内容，就是：
1.用CRISPR方法，把几种肿瘤细胞系的几乎所有的基因都做一遍敲除，也就是“Knock out”。
2.然后用高通量测序，来看哪些基因被敲除之后，细胞的生长会受到抑制。
3.接下来，在几种肿瘤细胞系之间进行比较，看哪个基因，是对一个特定细胞系的生长，是必需的，而在别的细胞系当中，这个基因是非必需的。那么，这个基因就可能是治疗这种肿瘤的，潜在的、新的治疗靶点
本视频详细介绍了这种全新的方法，和用这个方法找到的一系列潜在的新药化合物的实例。
用血小板RNA-seq测肿瘤 - 陈巍学基因（33）
Myron G. Best 等人发现，可以用血小板RNA-seq测序结合生物信息学分析，很好地判断： 1、一个人是否患有肿瘤； 2、是患的哪种肿瘤； 3、肿瘤中有哪些突变。 本视频介绍了这项发现的成果、实验方法、分析思路。
控制衰老的基因电路
In the early 1990s, most scientists did not think that aging was subject to active regulation by the genes. Exciting results from Dr. Kenyon's lab, however, showed that a single mutation in the daf-2 gene caused the tiny roundworm C. elegans to live twice as long as normal. This gene encodes a hormone receptor that regulates lifespan not only in worms, but in flies, mammals and possibly humans as well.
寻找控制生长发育的基因
Eric Wieschaus and Christiane Nusslein-Volhard wanted to understand which genes regulated embryonic development in Drosophila. It took them 2 years to design their experiment and only a few months to execute. A combination of good design and good luck allowed them to start with 40,000 flies and identify just 139 genes necessary for embryonic development.
基因打靶技术的产生
“如果你强烈地相信一个想法，有时你需要采取一些风险去追求它。”这是2007诺贝尔生理学或医学奖得主之一，马里奥·卡佩奇的看法，本短片讲述他从小鼠组织培养细胞中发展基因打靶技术的历程。